The term “Mother of God” has origins dating back to the third or fourth century. However, it was not until the Council of Ephesus in 431 that the Greek term “Theotokos” (“The God-bearer”) was officially consecrated as Catholic doctrine, thus becoming the first Marian dogma. The doctrine of Incarnation, as expressed by St. Paul, is the basis for this Catholic doctrine: “God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law” (Galatians 4:4).

The Council of Ephesus concluded with crowds of people chanting “Praised be the Theotokos!” while marching through the streets. Vatican II’s Dogmatic Constitution, “Lumen Gentium” (“Light of the People”), refers to Mary as the “Mother of God” twelve times. The Catholic Church celebrates the World Day of Peace on this day as well, a tradition established by Pope Paul VI and later confirmed by Pope John Paul II.

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